LEBANON

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A Middle Eastern country, Lebanon is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the west with a 225 km coastline, by Syria to the east and north, and by Israel to the south. The Lebanon-Syria border stretches for 375 km, while the Lebanon-Israel border is 79 km in length. The border with the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights in Syria is disputed by Lebanon in a small area called Shebaa Farms, but the border has been demarcated by the United Nations.

Lebanon has a total area of 10,452 km² (4,035 mi²), making it the 166^th largest country in the world. Most of that area is mountainous terrain, except for the narrow coastline and the Beqaa Valley, an integral part of Lebanon's agriculture.

Lebanon has a moderate Mediterranean climate. In coastal areas, winters are generally cool and rainy whilst summers are hot and humid. In more elevated areas, temperatures usually drop below 0°C during the winter with frequent (sometimes heavy) snow; summers, on the other hand, are warm and dry. Although most of Lebanon receives a relatively large amount of rainfall annually (compared to its arid surroundings), certain areas in north-eastern Lebanon receive little rainfall, due to the fact that the high peaks of the western mountain front block much of the rain clouds that originate over the Mediterranean Sea.

In ancient times, Lebanon housed large forests of the Cedars of Lebanon, which now serve as the country's national emblem. However, centuries of trading cedar trees, used by ancient mariners for boats, and the absence of any efforts to replant them have depleted Lebanon's once-flourishing cedar forests.

الجمهورية اللبنانية Al-Jumhūriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah Lebanese Republic
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Kūllūnā li-l-waṭan, li-l-'ula wa-l-'alam  (Arabic) "We are all for the Country, the Sublime and the Flag!"
Anthem: Kulluna lil-watan lil 'ula lil-'alam
Capital (and largest city)	Beirut 33°54′N 35°32′E
Official languages	Arabic
Government	Republic
- President	Émile Lahoud
- Prime Minister	Fouad Siniora
Independence
- Declared	November 26, 1941
- Recognized	November 22, 1943
Area
- Total	10,452 km² (166th) 4,035 sq mi
- Water (%)	1.6
Population
- 2006 estimate	3,874,050 (128th)
- Density	358/km² (26th) 948/sq mi
GDP (PPP)	2005 estimate
- Total	$24.42 billion (103rd)
- Per capita	6,681 (90th)
HDI (2006)	0.774 (medium) (78th)
Currency	Lebanese lira (LL) (LBP)
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
- Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Internet TLD	.lb
Calling code	+961

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LINKS and REFERENCE

• Countries Quest. "Lebanon, Government". 

• U.S. Department of State. "Background Note: Lebanon (History) August 2005" 

• USPG. "Anglican Church in Jerusalem responds to the Middle East crisis". 

• Socialist Party (2005). "A new crisis in the Middle East?". 

• Anna Johnson (2006). "Lebanon: Tourism Depends on Stability".

• TC Online (2002). "Paris of the Middle East". 

• Canadian International Development Agency. "Lebanon: Country Profile".

• Center for the Study of the Built Environment. "Deconstructing Beirut's Reconstruction: 1990-2000".

• Joumana Medlej. "The Mountain". 

• Antoine Harb (2004). "Lebanon: A Name through 4000 Years". 

• Christian World News. "Lebanon Historically Linked to the Bible". 

• Roger Yazbeck. "Lebanon was mentioned 71 times in the Holy Bible...". 

• Telegraph (2000). "Israel's Withdrawal from Lebanon Given UN's Endorsement".

• Encyclopædia Britannica. "Lebanon". 

• (Bonechi et al.) (2004) Golden Book Lebanon, p. 3, Florence, Italy: Casa Editrice Bonechi. ISBN 88-476-1489-9

• Country Studies US. "Lebanon - Climate". 

• Blue Planet Biomes. "Lebanon Cedar - Cedrus libani". 

• USAID Lebanon. "USAID Lebanon—Definitions of Terms used". 

• Country Studies. "Lebanon Population".November 25, 2006.

• CIA, the World Factbook (2006). "Lebanon". November 7, 2006.

• International Journal of Kurdish Studies, "The Kurds in Lebanon: a social and historical overview"

• Marina Sarruf (2006). "Brazil Has More Lebanese than Lebanon". 

• UNRWA (December 31, 2003). "UNRWA: Palestinian Refugees". 

• U.S. Department of State (1994) Header: People, 4th paragraph. Retrieved December 3, 2006.

• Background Note: Lebanon "www.washingtoninstitute.org" Retrieved December 3, 2006.

• United Nations Population Fund."Lebanon - Overview". Retrieved November 9, 2006.

• Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, U.S.A. 1986-1988. [1]. Retrieved December 2, 2006.

• Jean Hayek et al, 1999. The Structure, Properties, and Main Foundations of the Lebanese Economy. In The Scientific Series in Geography, Grade 11, 110-114. Beirut: Dar Habib.

• US Department of State (2005). "Lebanon". 

• CIA World Factbook 2001.

• Bank Audi (2006). "Lebanon Economic Report: 2nd Quarter, 2006". 

• Cyprus News (2006). "Saudi Arabia Key Contributor To Lebanon's Reconstruction". 

• Lebanon Under Siege (2006). "Donors pledge more than $940 million for Lebanon". 

• Ain-Al-Yaqeen (2006). "The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Reviews with the Jordanian King.".

• Samidoun (2006). "Aid groups scramble to fix buildings, fill backpacks before school bell rings".

• US Department of State (2005). "Lebanon". 

• Infopro Management. "Lebanon Opportunities - Business Information".

• (Arabic)Lebanese Directory of Higher Education. "Decrees". 

• eIFL.net Regional Workshop (2005). "Country Report: Lebanon".

• Université Saint-Joseph. "125 years of history - A timeline". 

• Yalla!. "Yalla! Students". 

• Lebanon CIA World Fact Book. [2].

• Lebanon Culture. [3]. December 18, 2006.

• Country Studies. "Lebanon - Languages". 

• Arda Arsenian – Ekmekji. "Revisiting Artin in Beirut: How Armenians Are Viewed in Lebanon".

• Joe George. "Lebanon: The Jewel of the Middle East". 

• Microsoft Encarta Premium 2006. Customs of Lebanon.

• The Hindu (January 5, 2003). "Called by life";. 

• Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2002). "Country Reports on Human Rights Lebanon".

• United States Institute of Peace (March 2006). "Lebanon's Confessionalism: Problems and Prospects". Retrieved January 3, 2007.

• Marie-Joëlle Zahar. "CHAPTER 9 POWER SHARING IN LEBANON.

• Middle East Intelligence Bulletin (2004). "The US and France Tip the Scale in Lebanon's Power Struggle".  New Age International (November 6, 2006). "Lebanon leaders head for talks amid street protest threats".

• Lebanon2000.com. "Factbook - Lebanon". 

• US Department of State (2006). "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2005: Lebanon". Retrieved December 17, 2006.

• Amnesty International (2005). "A Human Rights Agenda for the Parliamentary Elections, Lebanon". Retrieved December 17, 2006.

• About.com (1987)."Lebanon in Ancient Times". 

• Chorbishop Seely Beggiani (2005). "Aspects of Maronite History (Part Eleven) The 20th Century

• Lebanese Global Information Center. "History of Lebanon". 

• Avi Shlaim. "Israel and the Arab Coalition in 1948". 

• Amnesty International. "Palestinian refugees in Lebanon". 

• Time (1991). "After the War, the Mop-Up". 

• Council on Foreign Relations (2006). "The Future of Lebanon". 

• People's Daily (2000). "Lebanese Troops Patrol Near Fatma Gate Along Border With Israel".

• Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2000)."Withdrawal from Lebanon: Press Briefing by Foreign Minister David Levy". 

• Hariri.info (2005). "Rafik Hariri". 

•  CBC News Indepth (2006). "Recent background on Syria's presence in Lebanon". 

• UNESCO-CI. "Samir Kassir". 

• Nur al-Cubicle (2005). "Biography of George Hawi (Georges Haoui)". 

• BBC News. "Timeline: Lebanon explosions". 

• The Arab Press Network (2006). "May Chidiac Wins UNESCO Press Freedom Award". 

• The Daily Star (2005). "Gibran Tueni assassinated by car bomb". 

• "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1595 (2005)".

• United Nations Security Council (2005). "Letter dated 20 October 2005 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council". 

• Al Bab (2005). "The Mehlis report, 2005: full text". 

• Consortiumnews.com (2005). "The Dangerously Incomplete Hariri Report". 

• FPS Foreign Affairs (2006). "Serge Brammertz appointed head of the UN International Independent Investigation Commission". 

• Hariri murder tribunal awaits approval after UN and Lebanon sign deal

• CNN (2005). "Lebanon's pro-Syrian PM resigns". 

• The Washington Post (2005). "Syria Supporters Rally in Lebanon". 

• FOX News (2005). "Up to One Million Lebanese Protesters Mark Hariri Killing". 

• BBC News (2005). "Bomb hits Beirut's Christian area". 

• BBC News (2005). "Syria begins Lebanon withdrawal". 

• CNN (2005). "Last Syrian troops leave Lebanon". 

• Guardian Unlimited (2005). "Ceremony marks departure of last Syrian troops".

• The Jerusalem Post (2005). "Opposition sweeps Lebanon's elections". 

• International Herald Tribune (2005). "Aoun scores upset win in Lebanese elections". 

• BBC News (2005). "Profile: Fouad Siniora". 

• BBC News. "Lebanese ex-warlord is released". 

• MSNBC (July 26, 2005). "Lebanon ex-warlord freed after 11 years". 

• Iran Daily (2005). "Geagea Free". 

• CNN (July 12, 2006). "Israel authorizes 'severe' response to abductions". 

• Jerusalem Post (August 29, 2006). "US scholars: Israel planned Lebanon war in advance".

• "Israel, Hezbollah Vow Wider War", The Washington Post.

• Spero News (2006). "UN Ups Estimate on War Caused Damage in Lebanon". 

• Seattle Post Intelligencer (September 10, 2006). "After the bombs, environmental calamity". 

• United Nations Security Council (2006). "Security Council Calls for End of Hostilities

• CNN (2006). "Lebanon truce holds despite clashes". 

• New York Times (September 9, 2006). "Israel Ends Its Blockade of Lebanon’s Coastline". 

• Reuters (December 3, 2006). "Israel to quit Lebanon border village -officials". 

• Xinhua News Agency (2006). "Lebanon to send 15,000 troops to south when Israel pulls out".

• Humanitarian Assistance to Lebanon. United States Agency for International Development Disaster Assistance 

• Washington Post (2006). "Hezbollah Chief Defiant at Huge Rally". 

• The Sydney Morning Herald (2006). "Half a million rally in support of Hezbollah". 

• As in most other recent demonstrations, crowd estimates for this rally suffer from a lot of distortion. Reported numbers vary by a margin of one million according to different media.

• Yahoo! News (2006). "Hezbollah Won't Disarm". 

• Forbes (12.07.06, 1:47 PM ET). [4]. 

• "Nasrallah Warns of 'Street Demonstrations' if National Unity Government is not Formed"

• "Aoun calls for national unity government"

• The New York Times (November 30, 2006). "Hezbollah Calls for Rally to Grip Beirut ". 

• Reuters (November 11, 2006). "Hezbollah ministers quit Lebanese government". 

• CNN International (December 1, 2006). "Lebanese prime minister: There will be no coup". 

• AlJazeera International, 11/30/2006

• Associated Press (December 2, 2006). "Hizbollah supporters protest in Beirut". 

• The New York Times (December 1, 2006). "Protesters Seek Leader’s Ouster in Lebanon". 

• BBC News (December 1, 2006). "Political ferment in Lebanon". 

• Reuters (December 7, 2006). "Annan urges Lebanon talks in hope of ending crisis". 

• Le Monde (December 7, 2006). "Des djihadistes viseraient 36 personnalités antisyriennes au Liban". 

• "Hezbollah calls for more protests", AlJazeera International

• Nasrallah warns PM to make a deal while he can

• (International Herald Tribune). Retrieved December 8, 2006.

• BBC News (December 9, 2006). "Lebanese leader blocks UN court". 

• Ya Libnan (December 9, 2006). "Syrian regime to kill Berri if he convenes parliament". 

• Al-Seyassah (December 9, 2006). [5]. 

• Jerusalem Post (Dec. 11, 2006 7:57) [6]. 

• Reuters (January 25, 2007). "Paris conference pledges over $7.6 bln for Lebanon". 

• BBC News (January 25, 2007). "Beirut under curfew after clashes". 

• http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L26817578.htm

• http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2007/01/hezbollah_found.ph

• http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/819418.html

• http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,2001500,00.html

• http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-02/09/content_5717467.htm

• http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6345761.stm

• http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/CrisesArticle.aspx?

• http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/02/13/lebanon.blasts.ap/

• http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ

• http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6356271.stm

• http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/

• http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L14444450.htm

• http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070214/ap_on_re_mi_ea/lebanon

• http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL2060937520070220

Web portals

Government

• The Lebanese Governmental Portal for Information & Forms

• Official site of the President of the Lebanese Republic

• Official site of The Lebanese Parliament (Arabic)(French)

• Central Administration for Statistics

• Ministry of Tourism

• Internal Security Forces

• The Lebanese Armed Forces

• General-security.gov.lb

• Lebanon Customs site

• Central Bank of Lebanon

• Beirut Stock Exchange

• Embassy of Lebanon, Washington, D.C.

News

• AnNahar newspaper (Arabic)

• As-Safir newspaper (Arabic)

• Al-Akhbar newspaper (Arabic)

• L'Orient-Le Jour (Lebanese daily newspaper in French) (French)

• LBC

• Future TV

• United Nations - Mehlis Report official report of the investigation into Rafiq al-Hariri's assassination

• Ya Libnan - Lebanon News, Videos and Photos (Lebanese daily news in English) (English)

Culture and education

• UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Lebanon

• Al-Bustan Festival, Beit Meri

• Baalbek Festival

• Beiteddine Festival

• Byblos Festival

• Lebanese Cultural Journal

• The National Museum of Beirut

General information

• Lebanon at the The World Factbook

• US State Department - Lebanon includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports

• LibanVote (comprehensive electoral database)

Groups and associations

Festivals

• Baalbeck

• Beiteddine

• Byblos

Travel and Tourism

• Ministry of Tourism - Official website of the Lebanese Ministry of Tourism

• Travel to Lebanon - Online travel guide to Lebanon

• GNU Wikipedia free license

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This website is Copyright © 1999 & 2007  NJK.   The bird logo and name Solar Navigator are trademarks. All rights reserved.  All other trademarks are hereby acknowledged.       Max Energy Limited is an educational charity.

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