Beachy
Head, with its dramatic white cliffs and gently undulating
downs, is an area of outstanding natural beauty and tranquillity
which belies its proximity to the busy south eastern towns of
England.
It
is a haven for those who like to walk or cycle. It's also a
great place for hang-gliding, mountain boarding, or for the
rather less extreme sport of flying a kite. It is easy to reach
for a holiday, a weekend or a day away.
There
are many historic sites in the area, as well as pretty villages
with good pubs, shops and restaurants to visit, and all within
easy reach of the main towns of the region. For a complete
change, visitors are welcome to spend some time at the farm or
the sheep centre.
There
is a choice of holiday accommodation and there are even
facilities for a romantic wedding, guaranteed to be memorable
for guests as well as the happy couple.
Beachy Head Lighthouse
looking east
Beachy
Head (grid reference TV587955)
is a chalk headland on the south coast of England, close to the
town of Eastbourne in the county of East Sussex. The cliff there
is the highest chalk sea cliff in Britain, rising to 162 m
(530 ft) above sea level. The peak allows views of the
south east coast from Dungeness to the east, to Selsey Bill in
the west.
The
prominence of Beachy Head has made it a landmark for sailors in
the English Channel. It is noted as such in the sea shanty Spanish
Ladies:
-
The
first land we sighted was called the Dodman,
-
Next
Rame Head off Plymouth, off Portsmouth the Wight;
-
We
sailed by Beachy, by Fairlight and Dover,
-
And
then we bore up for the South Foreland light.
-
It
was also a danger to shipping. The famous Belle Tout lighthouse
built in 1831
is located near the edge of the cliff on the next headland west
from Beachy Head. It was moved more than 17 m (50 ft)
further inland in 1999
due to cliff erosion.
The lighthouse was superseded by the newer Beachy Head
Lighthouse, 43m in height, built in the sea below in 1902.
West
from Belle Tout, the cliffs drop down to Birling
Gap, and beyond that the Seven Sisters. The site is a
popular tourist attraction and includes a restaurant and, in the
summer heat, multiple ice cream vans. Beachy
Head is notorious as a popular location for people to commit suicide.
Actor David
Scarboro, who originally played Mark
Fowler in the popular British soap
opera EastEnders,
died there in 1988.
The
third day of fighting in the Battle
of Portland, 1653,
took place off Beachy Head during the First
Anglo-Dutch War. The Battle
of Beachy Head, 1690,
was a naval engagement during the War
of the Grand Alliance. The chalk was formed in the Cretaceous
period when the area was under the sea, 65 million years ago.
Since then, earth movements have raised the chalk up to form the
dramatic cliffs of the Sussex coast.
Beachy Head Lighthouse
looking west
Beachy
Head is the most famous part of the Eastbourne Downland. Beachy
Head rises 162 metres (530 feet) above the sea below and is the
highest chalk sea cliff in Britain.
The
main reason for Beachy Head's popularity is the wonderful
panoramic view which can be seen from the cliff top. If you look
east you see the beaches and town of Eastbourne, the Pier and
the Harbour, and then on to Pevensey Bay and Hastings and, on an
exceptionally clear day, Dungeness in Kent, nearly 40 miles away
Looking
west, you can see even further, up to 70 miles, past Seaford
Head to Newhaven and Brighton and then on to Selsey Bill near
Chichester in West Sussex. On a very clear day the outline of
the Isle of Wight can be seen.
Getting
There - Beachy Head is
easily reached by car. From Eastbourne take Duke's Drive from
the seafront (be careful of the steeply winding road), Meads
Road from Meads and East Dean Road from Old Town. From the west
follow the signs on the A259. Parking is free in the lay-bys
near Beachy Head and there is a large pay and display public car
park. Please park in the Beachy Head Pub car park only if you
intend to patronise the pub.
Eastbourne
Buses run a service along the seafront from the Sovereign
Centre to Beachy Head.
Facilities
- There are public toilets adjoining the car park at Beachy
Head, including disabled toilets (access with radar key). Beachy
Head Pub is open all day, 7 days a week and serves good quality
food. Children and disabled welcome, indoor and outdoor play
equipment, toilet and baby changing facilities. Tel: 01323
728060.
Belle
Toute Lighthouse - Bell Toot
Belle
Toute
Belle
Toute Lighthouse is situated on the cliff top about 2½ km west
of Beachy Head.
It
was built in the 1830's as a working lighthouse but was replaced
in 1904 by the Beachy Head lighthouse as it was being obscured
by fog. It has gained fame through the BBC drama The Lives
and Loves of a She-Devil which was filmed there, and through
a high profile move from the edge of the cliff in March 1999. It
is the only residential lighthouse in the country.
Beachy
Head Lighthouse -
Position 50° 44'.0 N 00° 14'.50 E
It
is said that as early as 1670 a light shone to guide passing
vessels from the top of the cliffs at Beachy Head, the 90 metres
high seaward termination of the Sussex Downs.
In 1828 James Walker erected Belle Toute Lighthouse, a 14 metre
high circular tower, on the headland. This remained in operation
till 1899 when it was abandoned due to being frequently shrouded
in mist and threatened with collapse because of recurrent falls
of chalk from the cliff.
In 1902 under the direction of Sir Thomas Matthews, the Trinity
House Engineer-in-Chief, the present lighthouse was brought into
service, sited about 165 metres seawards from the base of the
cliffs. It took two years to complete and involved building a
coffer-dam and a cableway from the top of the cliffs to carry
materials down to the site. 3,660 tons of Cornish granite were
used in the construction of the tower.
Beachy Head lighthouse was automated and demanned in June 1983.
It is monitored 24 hours a day from the Trinity House Operations
Control Centre at Harwich in Essex.
Specifications
Established
|
1828
|
Height
Of Tower
|
43
Metres
|
Height
Of Light Above Mean High Water
|
31
Metres
|
Automated
|
1983
|
Electrified
|
1920
|
Optic
|
First
Order 920 Mm Asymmetrical Catadioptric
|
Lamp
|
400
Watt Mbi
|
Character
|
2
White Flashes Every 20 Seconds
|
Intensity
|
635,000
Candela
|
Range
Of Light
|
20
Sea Miles
|
Fog
Signal Character
|
A
6 Second Blast Every 30 Seconds
|
|
The
Countryside Commission also designated the white chalk cliffs
between Beachy Head and the Seven Sisters and Seaford Head as
the first ever stretch of Heritage Coastline - a stretch of
coastline which is of particular natural beauty or importance
and is managed to preserve this largely undeveloped beauty.
The
Seven Sisters are a famous series of chalk
cliffs by the English
Channel. They form part of the South
Downs in East
Sussex, between the towns of Seaford
and Eastbourne
in southern England,
and are within the Seven
Sisters Country Park.
The number seven refers to the cliff peaks, which are
individually named: from the west they are Haven Brow, Short
Brow, Rough Brow, Brass Point, Flagstaff Point (continuing into
Flagstaff Brow), Baily's Hill, and Went Hill Brow. Beyond, on
the top of the next hill, is Belle Tout lighthouse. The dips
between each Sister are also named: Short Bottom, Limekiln
Bottom, Rough Bottom, Gap Bottom, Flagstaff Bottom, and Michel
Dean. The South
Downs Way runs along the edge of the cliffs, taking a very
undulating course.
The
Seven Sisters from Seaford Head coastguard cottages © NJK 2006
BIRLING
GAP
Birling
Gap is a coastal hamlet
in East
Sussex on the South
Downs between Eastbourne
and Seaford
It is situated on the Seven
Sisters not far from Beachy
Head and is owned by the National
Trust.
Coastal erosion
is a nationwide problem which locally, has already removed the hotel and some of the
row of fishing cottages built in 1878. Today there is a cafe/tea
room, and steps leading down to the beach and the Seven
Sisters chalk cliffs. Although unofficial, it is rumoured that this beach is
frequented by naturists
or nudists, indeed, I once happened along such activities some
years ago.
The
residents of Birling Gap formed a Cliff Protection Association,
after their local authority refused to grant planning permission
for works to protect the buildings near the cliff edge.
The then leader of the Wealden
District Council, Valerie Chidson is reported to have lost
her seat, after it was revealed that she had misreported facts
to Committee in answer to a public question, concerning a legal
opinion and the National Trust. It transpired that Wealden
and the National Trust had jointly instructed counsel, whereas,
previously this had been denied.
If
you want to help the residents in their fight to save their
homes, please visit their website which briefly outlines
the history of Birling Gap and their efforts to convince the
National Trust that the proposed sea defence of natural
boulders, which will be covered by shingle, is the preferred
solution to preserve the view, the charming Birling Gap hotel
and other landmarks.
....and
PEOPLE'S HOMES
LATEST
Please click the link
below to read the 'officious' letter from;
Sarah
Mann of the National Trust
and the reply from;
Lord
Harris of High Cross
The
bay at Birling Gap
BIRLING
GAP - history and resident's struggle
1878; The Admiralty builds eight
Coastguard cottages at Birling Gap using a revolutionary
new material called 'no fines' concrete.
1898; A small hotel is opened at Birling
Gap. Seven other residential properties were built in the early 1920's
1951; The cottages pass into private
ownership but coastguards continue to man a station, sometimes risking their lives in sea and cliff-top
rescues.
1973; The first cliff-edge cottage is
demolished by Hailsham Council. At this point no-one was trying to save the cottages.
1983; The National Trust purchases
Birling Gap for an undisclosed sum. This includes the Hotel, four of the remaining cottages, the car park and
some downland.
1992; At the urging of the Ministry of
Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, Wealden District Council commission an engineering study by marine
engineers, Posford Duvivier, to investigate how to defend the hamlet of Birling Gap.
1993; Posford Duvivier recommend a rock
'revetment' at the base of the cliff as feasible, realistic and affordable.
1993; Wealden Council DECLINES to
implement the report by Posford Duvivier !
1995; The second cottage is demolished by
its owner, The National Trust, who evict the tenant just before Christmas! The adjoining cottage is
damaged in the process.
1996; A new report with a detailed
cost/benefit analysis shows that it would be economically advantageous to build a rock revetment.
1996; Birling Gap Cliff Protection
Association formed.
1998; Environmental study reports
revetment would cause minimal damage to the area. Legal opinion establishes National Trusts responsibility
to safeguard its neighbours properties.
1999; nearly 50,000 signatures gathered
to date from the public in support of a rock revetment scheme.
The
Battle of Britain of the white cliffs
-
Letter
by Lord Harris to each councillor regarding the anticipated
rejection of
the planning application (15/8/99)
-
Letter
from Selsey Town Council to Wealden Council supporting the
Planning Application
-
A
copy of the Environmental statement sent by Alan Edgar to
Wealden District Council
regarding the planning
application for the reduced size revetment
-
Article
from the October issue of The Oldie magazine
Did you
know that the money The National Trust spent defending itself
against responsibility for protecting the homes at Birling Gap, would probably have paid for a revetment double the length
the residents asked for.
THE
SOUTH DOWNS
In
1929 Eastbourne Borough Council purchased 4000 acres of the
South Downs for a total of £91,291 - 1s - 7d. Part of the deal
was that the Council, or Corporation as it was then known, would
'secure the public the free and open use of the Downs in
perpetuity.' The Council remains committed to that promise
and more than 1,200 acres are designated 'Open Downland' - free,
open access land for the public to enjoy, whilst the rest is let
to tenant farms.
The
4000 acres of land purchased by the Council - the Eastbourne
Downland - is a triangular shaped landholding at the easternmost
end of the South Downs. Its boundaries are marked by the Eastern
Escarpment, the end of the Downs where the chalk hills meet
Eastbourne, the Northern Escarpment, facing the Weald of Sussex,
Willingdon Hill and East Dean in the West and the Southern
Escarpment, which has been eroded by the seas to forms the
famous white cliffs.
The
Eastbourne Downland is visited by a million people every year,
making it one of the country's most popular natural beauty
spots. It offers fine views out to sea and inland, over the
ridges and dry valleys, and is a rich source of wildlife. In
September 1999 the Minister for Environment, Transport and the
Regions asked the Countryside Agency to consider awarding the
South Downs National Park status.
Cable
car used to build Beachy Head Lighthouse
HISTORY
AND GEOLOGY OF THE DOWNS
10,000
BC
- The dry valleys, ridges and escarpments of the Eastbourne
Downland were formed by glacial action during the Ice Age. The
chalk of the cliffs, however, was formed over a period of 30
million years when a warm sub tropical sea covered the area,
between 95-65 million years ago. The shells of billions of
microscopic planktonic algae formed a deposit which eventually
hardened into layers of white rock a thousand feet thick. This
has since been uplifted due to continental movement and
subsequent erosion has created the Downs seen today.
8,000
BC - End of Ice Age as temperatures increase. Sea
levels rise and flood a valley to form the English Channel,
enabling the sea to flood through to the South Downs. Marine
erosion of cliffs begins. Mesolithic hunter gatherers explore
the region.
4,000
BC - Neolithic Man attracted to the well-drained
chalklands of the Eastbourne Downs which offer fertile grounds
for crops. The area is gradually cleared of wild wood for
grazing & crops. Flint tools from this period have been
found in the area and there is a Neolithic causeway camp on
Combe Hill upon the Northern Escarpment.
2,000-1,500
BC - Bronze Age peoples clear woodland to create space
for settled agriculture - evidence of hut sites and domestic
pottery found near Belle Tout. Numerous burial mounds, 'round
barrows', are located upon the escarpment ridges.
600
BC - New, Iron Age settlements indicated by numerous
field banks in area, particularly at Bullock Down and near
Jevington.
50 BC - Romans take control of south east
England. Increasingly efficient farming - remains of Roman farm
found on Frost Hill.
400
AD - Romans leave Britain. Eastbourne Downland used for
grazing.
1250
AD - Medieval farms and settlements established.
20th
Century - Farm mechanisation and decline of traditional
farming methods. Increased demand for food leads to loss of
chalk grassland to intensive farming with the use of artificial
fertilisers. The loss of traditional landscapes and habitats
leads to the rise of the conservation movement in the late 20th
Century and the protection of the Eastbourne Downland.
Chalk
Grassland
The
chalk grassland cover of the Eastbourne Downland provides one of
Britain's richest wildlife habitats with up to 40 plant species
growing in one square metre of turf. The thin, poor quality soil
encourages slow growing plants and the long history of sheep
grazing, which continues today, has led to the development of
the springy turf.
The
downland supports a wide variety of plants which can only
survive in chalky soils and also the butterflies and other
insects that these plants attract.
The
Eastbourne Downland is conserved following the decline of chalk
grassland during the middle of the 20th century due
to increased food production and the use of pesticides and other
chemicals in arable farming. A decline in grazing animals -
sheep due to a decline in sheep farming, and rabbits due to
myxomatosis - meant that much of the chalk grassland was taken
over by coarse grasses, scrub and pioneer woodland. After the
Second World War large areas of chalk grassland were ploughed up
for arable farming and in all 25% of the chalk grassland of the
South Downs was lost between 1966 and 1980.
Eastbourne
Borough Council today employs shepherds to tend the Council's
flock of sheep which graze the Open Downland in the traditional
manner in order to preserve and enhance it. Much of the tenant
farmland is also now under grass, with the farmers supported by
grant aid from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food
(the ESA Scheme).
Coastal
Erosion
One
of the most stunning aspects of the Eastbourne Downland is the
Heritage Coastline of pure white chalk cliffs. The erosion of
these cliffs by the sea is often thought of as a destructive
process but it is this erosion which creates and maintains the
cliffs' magnificent whiteness through constantly eroding the old
cliff face and revealing the clean white chalk underneath.
The
white cliffs of Beachy Head and the Seven Sisters have been
eroding for at least 10,000 years, ever since the end of the
last Ice Age. The base of the cliff is attacked with tremendous
force at high tide as the waves break against the chalk. Shingle
is also thrown at the cliff and pockets of air are trapped in
the crevices and alternately compressed and decompressed.
These
forces combine to erode a notch in the base of the cliff which
eventually cannot support the upper parts of the cliff. The
cliff is also weakened from the top during the winter as rain
water in the soil freezes and expands, pushing the rock apart,
and then thaws and runs through the crevices. A section of cliff
then tumbles to the beach, creating a temporary defence against
the waves until it is broken up and washed away.
One
of the key conditions of the management of the Heritage Coast is
that it is left undeveloped in order to preserve the landscape
value. This means that no sea defences will be built to slow the
natural process of erosion, not even to save existing buildings.
Belle Toute Lighthouse was moved back from the cliff edge
on March 24 1999 in order to save it from an imminent collapse
into the sea.
The
Heritage Coast recede an estimated average of about ½ -1 metre
a year. Occasionally there will be a larger than average cliff
fall, such as that on January 10 1999 when up to 6 metres of
cliff edge tumbled away, to a depth of 17 metres over a 70 metre
long stretch. As global warming continues and sea levels rise
the rate of erosion is expected to increase and falls of this
size will become increasingly common.
BEACHY
HEAD AS A SUICIDE HOT SPOT
Beachy
Head is a dramatic and beautiful chalk headland on the south
coast of England. It is located 3 miles west of Eastbourne, and
its summit extends 535 feet above sea level.
The
imposing cliff tops offer tourists clear views for miles around,
but are famous for another more disturbing reason – they
provide an irresistible draw for those intent on committing
suicide.
Deaths
at Beachy Head
Eastbourne
Parish Register contains entries of deaths at Beachy Head dating
back to 1600 and by the middle of the 20th Century
there were an average of 6-7 deaths p.a. At the tail-end of the
1990’s it had crept up to an average of 17 p.a.
Between
the years 1965-1989, an in-depth study of deaths at Beachy Head
was made by Dr. John Surtees (1997 pp. 125-136) – a cumulative
total of 250. His research looked into the causes of death,
injuries sustained, factors relating to the circumstances of the
deaths and the resultant verdicts.
Fig
1. below illustrates total deaths at Beachy Head between
1965 and 1989, indicating the verdicts passed. It can be seen
that the proportion of suicide and open verdicts fluctuates
throughout, and can be attributed to some extent to
inter-Coroner variation.
Fig
1. Deaths at Beachy
Head 1965-1989 (with Inquest Verdicts)
Why
Commit Suicide at Beachy Head?
If
most of the deaths occurring at Beachy Head are due to suicide,
why does the location present such a lure to desperate people?
It
is clear that deaths at Beachy Head attract local and
national publicity, and it has been shown that such publicity
results in suicidal mimicry (Gunnell 1994 pp.1446-7). The
lethality of injuries sustained from a 500 foot fall (Mason et
al 2000 pp.313-326) appeals to some, whilst the ease of access
(one can drive straight up to the edge in places) and lack of
preparation necessary appeals to others.
Conclusion
Beachy
Head is a dramatic natural landmark that draws tourists and
those intent on committing suicide alike.
Most
deaths at Beachy Head display several circumstantial
factors suggesting suicide. However, despite homicidal falls
from a height traditionally being thought of as rare
occurrences, some deaths at Beachy Head, raise considerable suspicion. A lack of physical
evidence prevents such cases being proven to the criminal
standard of proof, and the Coroner must be satisfied with
passing an ‘open’ verdict.
1.
GUNNELL. D. (1994), ‘Reporting Suicide – The effect
of media coverage on patterns of self harm’, BMJ 308:
1446-47 1994
2.
MASON. J.K., PURDUE. B.N. (2000), ‘The Pathology of
Trauma’, Arnold Publishers
3.
SURTEES. S.J. (1997), ‘Beachy Head’, SB
Publications
The
main reason for Beachy Head's popularity is the wonderful
panoramic view which can be seen from the cliff top. If you look
east you see the beaches and town of Eastbourne, the Pier and
the Harbour, and then on to Pevensey Bay and Hastings and, on an
exceptionally clear day, Dungeness in Kent, nearly 40 miles away.
If you are feeling suicidal, lonely, or depressed, you may like
to reflect on the outstanding natural beauty that surrounds us,
of which Beachy Head is just one example. Such views are
likely to mke you feel happier, maybe restore a sense of
balance, or, you might be better off talking to someone about
your problems. Anything is better than making the ultimate
sacrifice. http://www.samaritans.org.uk/
Email: jo@samaritans.org
Chalk
cliff slide at Beachy Head
LINKS:
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ARUNDEL
CASTLE
BATTLE
BATTLE
ABBEY
BATTLE
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TOOT (BELLE TOUT) LIGHTHOUSE
BEXHILL
BIRLING
GAP
BODIAM
CASTLE
BRIGHTON
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The
Sunshine Girls living on the edge - Beachy Head that is!
A
taste for adventure capitalists
Solar
Cola - a healthier alternative
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